Paalgam attack: Simple guide to Kashmir’s conflict Border conflict news

Islamabad, Pakistan – Pakistan and India continue to engage in the war of war and its people Exchange Through the controlline (LOC), the actual borders in Kashmir, days after Paalgam attackAnd where 26 civilians were killed in Kashmir by the Indian on April 22.

Since then, the senior members of the Pakistan government and military officials held multiple news conferences they claimed to have “Reliable information” An imminent Indian military response.

This is not the first time that the largest number of South Asian population has found-with a population of more than 1.6 billion people, or about one-fifth of the world’s population-themselves under the potential war.

At the heart of their hostility for a long time, the scenic valley was placed in Kashmir, which India and Pakistan fought three of their previous four wars. Since independence from British rule in 1947, both countries have controlled parts of Kashmir – where China has controlled another part of it – but continues to claim it completely.

So what is around the Kashmir struggle, and why did India and Pakistan continue to fight more than eight decades after independence?

What are the latest tensions?

India has indicated that it believes that Pakistan may have indirectly supported the Paalgam attack – a demand that Pakistan has been strongly denied. Both countries were involved in the diplomatic strikes on each other, including the abolition of visas for each other and a reminder of diplomatic employees.

India has suspended its participation in the Indus Waters Treaty, the agreement to use water and distribution with Pakistan. Pakistan threatened its turn to stay away from Simla AgreementAnd, which was signed in July 1972, seven months after Pakistan lost the 1971 war that led to the creation of Bangladesh. The Simla Convention has since been a basis for relations between India and Pakistan. It rules LOC and determines a commitment to resolving disputes through peaceful means.

on WednesdayUS Secretary of State Marco Rubio called on Pakistani Prime Minister Shaybaz Sharif and Indian Foreign Affairs Minister Superham Jaishhakar to urge countries to work together for “escalation tensions and preserving peace and security in South Asia.”

On Thursday, US Defense Secretary of Defense Higseth called for the attack on Thursday to condemn the attack. “I was offered to my strong support. We stand with India and its great people,” he wrote on X.

What lies in the heart of Kashmir’s struggle?

The region is located in the northwest of the Indian subcontinent, and the area extends 222,200 square kilometers (85,800 square meters) with about four million people living in Kashmir, the managers of Pakistan and 13 million in the Indian director Jamo and Kashmir.

The population is Muslim with an overwhelming majority. Pakistan dominates the northern and western parts, which are Azad Kashmir, Gilgit and Beltistan, while India controls the southern and southeastern parts, including Wadi Kashmir and its largest city, Srinagar, as well as Jamo and Ladak.

The end of the British colonial rule and the division of British India in August 1947 created the Islamic majority Pakistan and India.

At that time, states such as Jamo and Kashmir were given the option to join any of the countries. With nearly 75 percent of the Muslim population, many in Pakistan believe that the region will naturally join that country. After all, Pakistan was created during the era of Muhammad Ali Jinnah as a homeland for Muslims, although the majority of Muslims in what remained in India after the division remained in that country, where Mahatma Gandhi and the first prime minister in independent India, Jawhar Nahrou, built stability in a tourist state.

Mahraja in Kashmir initially sought independence from both countries, but later chose to join India after it invaded Pakistan, which led to the first war from 1947 to 1948. The ceasefire line then was included

Nevertheless, both countries continue to confirm the entire region claims, including, in the case of India, to the China -run China Aksai Chin on the eastern side.

What sparked the first Indian war in 1947?

The ruling Hindus of Kashmir Harry Singh, whose ancestors took control of the region as part of an agreement with the British in 1846.

At the time of division, Singh initially sought to keep Kashmir independence from India and Pakistan.

But by that time, a rebellion against his rule erupted by the Pakistani population in part of Kashmir. Armed groups from Pakistan, with the support of the newly formed government, invaded and tried to seize the region.

Sheikh Abdullah, the most prominent Kashmiri leader at the time, opposed the attack supported by Pakistani. Harry Singh appealed to India for military assistance.

The Nahu government interfered against Pakistan – but on the condition that the Mahraja signs a tool to join Jamu and Kashmir with India. In October 1947, Jumu and Kashmir officially became part of India, as New Delhi gave control of the Kashmir Valley and Jamo and Ladakh.

India accused Pakistan of being the aggressor in the conflict – a charge that denied Pakistan – and took the matter to the United Nations in January 1948. A major decision was passed saying: “The issue of Jammu and Kashmir should be decided to India or Pakistan through the democratic way of freedom and health.” After nearly 80 years, no referendums have been made – a complaint source for Cashmeres.

The first war on Kashmir finally ended with an unexpected ceasefire, and in 1949, the officials of the ceasefire under the signed agreement in Karachi, the Pakistani capital at the time. The new line divided the Kashmir between the Indian and Pakistani parts it controlled.

How did the situation change after the 1949 agreement?

By 1953, Sheikh Abdullah established the National Conference of Jumu Kashmir (JKNC) and won the state elections in Kashmir, the Indian director.

However, his increasing interest in searching for independence from India led to his arrest by the Indian authorities. In 1956, Jumu and Kashmir were declared an “irreplaceable” part of India.

In September 1965, less than two decades of independence, India and Pakistan went to war on the region again.

Pakistan was hoping to help the Kashmiri issue and incite the local uprising, but the war ended on a dead end, as the two sides agreed to a non -supervising shooting.

How did China get part of Kashmir?

Aksai Chin is located in the northeast of the region at an altitude of 5000 meters (16,400 feet), and on the date, it was a difficult area, hardly inhabited in the nineteenth century and early twenty on the borders of British India and China.

It was part of the kingdom inherited by Kashmir Harry Singh as a result of the 1846 deal with the British. Until the thirties of the twentieth century, at least, Chinese maps also admitted that Kashmir is the south of the Erdag Johnson line, which represents the northeastern border of Kashmir.

After 1947 and Singh joined India, New Delhi looked at Aksai Chen as part of its territory. But by the early fifties of the last century, China-now under Communist rule-built a 1200-km highway (745 miles) linking Tibet and Xinjiang, and passes through Aksai Chin.

India was unacceptable – the deserted region was not a security priority until then. In 1954, Nahu called for an official character to the border according to the Erdg Johnson-in line, with recognition of Akai Chen as part of India.

But China insisted that the British had not discussed the Ardeg Johnson line, and that Aksai Chen belongs to it below an alternative map. Most importantly, although China has already has shoes on the ground in Aksai chin due to the highway.

Meanwhile, Pakistan and China also had differences about those who controlled the parts of Kashmir. But by the early 1960s, they reached an agreement: China abandoned the grazing lands in which Pakistan sought, and in return, Pakistan abdicated a thin slice from North Kashmir to China.

India claims that this deal was illegal because the 1947 accession instrument was all of Kashmir belonged to it.

Back to India and Pakistan: What happened next?

Another war was followed in December 1971-this time, as it was then known as East Pakistan, after a popular revolution by Indian-backed nationalists against Pakistan’s rule. The war led to the creation of Bangladesh. More than 90,000 Pakistani soldiers have been arrested by India, such as war prisoners.

The SIMLA Conversion Agreement has turned the LOC ceasefire line, which is an actual but unrecognized limits internationally, leaving the Kashmir status in question.

But after the decisive victory of India in 1971 and amid the increasing political influence of Prime Minister Andra Gandhi-daughter of Nehru-Abdullah that Abdullah abandoned his request on the referendum and the Kashmiri people in self-determination.

In 1975, he signed an agreement with Gandhi, with the recognition of the joining of Kashmir, who managed India to India while maintaining a semi -subjective situation under Article 370 of the Indian Constitution. He later held the position of Prime Minister of the region.

What led to the renewal of a campaign of Kashmiri’s independence in the 1980s?

With the growth of relations between the National Congress Party in Abdullah and the ruling Indian National Conference in India, as well as frustration between the Kashmiris in Kashmir, which is controlled by India, who felt that social and economic conditions did not improve in the region.

Differential groups such as the Jumu Kashmir Liberation Front, founded by Maqbool Bhat, Rose.

India’s allegations of democracy in Kashmir have faltered in the face of increasing support for armed groups. The turning point was the 1987 elections for the state legislature, which witnessed Ibn Abdullah, Farouk Abdullah, to power, but was widely seen as a great counterfeit to preserve the famous politicians anti -India.

The Indian authorities launched a severe campaign on separatist groups, which New Delhi claimed and trained by Pakistani Military Intelligence. For its part, Pakistan has preserved that it only provides moral and diplomatic support, which supports “the right of the Kashmiris to self -determination.”

In 1999, the conflict erupted in Kargil, where the Indian and Pakistani forces fought to control the strategic highlands along LOC. India finally regained the lost lands, and the current situation was restored before the conflict. This was the third war on Kashmir – Cargill part of Ladakh.

How did the tensions escalate on Kashmir since then?

The following years have witnessed a gradual decrease in direct conflict, with many ceasefires signed. However, India has greatly intensified its military presence in the valley.

Tensions were reshaped in 2016 after the killing of Paherhan Wani, the character of popular separatism. His death led to a rise in violence in the valley and the most common fire exchange along LOC.

The major attacks in Kashmir, the Indian Managing Director, including those in Pathankot and URI in 2016, targeted the Indian forces, which blamed armed armed groups in Pakistan.

The most dangerous escalation came in February 2019 when a convoy of semi -Indian military personnel was attacked in Poloama, killing 40 soldiers and brought the two countries to the edge of the war.

Six months later, during the era of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, the Indian government canceled Article 370, and stripped Jamu and Kashmir from its semi -subjective position. Pakistan condemned this step as a violation of the Simla agreement.

The decision led to widespread protests in the valley. India has deployed between 500,000 to 800,000 soldiers, placed the area under Lockdown, closed Internet services and arrested thousands of people.

India insists that Pakistan is responsible for the continuous crisis in Kashmir. It accuses Pakistan of hosting, financing and training in the Pakistan -based armed groups, which has claimed responsibility for multiple attacks in Kashmir, which relies on Indian over the decades. Some of these groups are accused by India, the United States, and others of attacking other parts of India – such as during the 2008 Mumbai attack, financial capital in India, when at least 166 people were killed over a period of three days.

Pakistan continues to deny that it nourishes the violence in Kashmir, which is controlled by India, and instead indicates a widespread resentment among the local population, accusing India of imposing a harsh and non -democratic rule in the region. Islamabad says it only supports the Kashmiri separatism diplomatic and moral.