Indian Pakistani tensions: a brief history of conflict India Pakistan news tensions

India and Pakistan were imprisoned in a rapid escalating military exchange that threatens the explosion in a completely caused war, which caused a deadly attack on the tourists in Kashmir, the Indian director on April 22, in which 26 civilians were killed, but they were rooted in hostilities for decades.

On May 7, India launched a wave of missiles to Kashmir Pakistan and Pakistan, hitting at least six cities and killing at least 31 people-including two children-according to Islamabad. Since then, the Indian The drones were struck Pakistani major cities and military facilities, and India accused Pakistan of launching a barrage of missiles, drones in its cities and military facilities.

Besides missiles and drones, nuclear armed neighbors also circulated allegations and denial. India says its missiles on May 7 hit only the “terrorist infrastructure” while Pakistan insists on killing civilians. Pakistan denies that it fired missiles or drones towards India, both of which claim to be victims of the other’s aggression.

However, the origins of this recent crisis between India and Pakistan are due to its formation as sovereign nationalism in its current form. Below is a summary of the semi -fixed tensions between South Asia’s neighbors.

The 1940s to the fifties of the last century: a story from two countries

The Indian subcontinent was a British colony from 1858 until 1947, when the British colonial rule finally ended, as it divided the Indian subcontinent into the two countries. The majority Muslim Muslim gained independence on August 14 of that year as heterogeneous and culturally distant areas, west of Pakistan and East Pakistan. The Hindu majority, but secular India gained independence on August 15, 1947.

The division was out of smoothness, causing one of the largest and most human migrations that I saw at all, which resulted in the displacement of about 15 million people. This process also sparked horrific collective violence and riots between Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs throughout the region, as between 200,000 and 2 million people died. Border conflicts Differential movements I grew up in the aftermath.

What you hold as a main adherent point between the neighbors is the issue of the place where the Muslim Himalayas, Kashmir, will go. King Kashmir initially sought independence and the area remained disputed.

In October 1947, the first war broke out on Kashmir when the Pakistani tribal men invaded the region’s armed. King Kashmir asked India to help her remove tribal men. In contrast, the monarch accepted the case of India to help – to join Kashmir to India.

The fighting lasted until 1948, when it ended with the division of Kashmir. Pakistan runs the western part of Kashmir, while India runs a lot of the rest, as China carries two high -slices from North Kashmir. India claims all Kashmir, while Pakistan also claims that India is carrying but not what China keeps its ally.

The 1960s: Cashmer and the second war talks

The contract started with a better relations promise. In 1960, India and Pakistan signed the endos-Waters treaty, a deal by the World Bank, according to which they agreed to the participation of the Six Six Snut River Water in which they adopted-and they are still dependent on it.

The treaty provides access to the three eastern rivers water: Ravi, Bez and Sotleg. Pakistan, in turn, gets the three western rivers water: Endos, Gilum and Chinab. After Pahalgam’s attack on April 22, India suspended its participation in the treaty, but until recently, the deal was a bright example, internationally, on a water -sharing agreement that survived multiple wars.

One of those wars will happen in the 1960s.

In 1963, the Minister of India, at the time, Swran Singh, and his Pakistani counterpart, the barrier Ali Bhutto, held talks on the disputed lands of Kashmir. These talks were mediated by the United States and the United Kingdom.

While the precise details of the discussions were not published, there was no agreement. In 1964, Pakistan referred the Kashmir case to the United Nations.

In 1965, the two countries fought the second war on Kashmir after between 26,000 and 33,000 Pakistani soldiers wearing clothes as Mesmiri crossed the ceasefire line in Kashmir.

With the escalation of the war, Indian soldiers crossed the international border to Lahore Pakistan. The war ended in a categorical, ceasefire. In 1966, Indian Prime Minister Lal Beldor Chastry and Pakistani President Mohamed Ayoub Khan signed an agreement in Tashman, by the Soviet Union, to restore diplomatic and economic relations.

The 1970s: Bangladesh and the first step towards a nuclear race

In 1971, East Pakistan and western Pakistan went to war after President Al -Huaker at the time refused Al -Alephicar Ali Bhutto, to allow Sheikh Mujib Al -Rahman, the leader of the Awami League in eastern Pakistan, assuming. This was despite the fact that the Awami Association won the majority of the seats in the Pakistani parliamentary elections in 1970.

In March, the Pakistani army began a campaign in Dhaka in eastern Pakistan and in December, the Indian army was involved. The Pakistani army eventually surrendered. East Pakistan has become an independent country in Bangladesh.

In 1972, Bhutto and Prime Minister Indira Gandhi signed an agreement in the Indian town of Simla, called Simla Agreement Where they agreed to settle any disputes by peaceful means.

The agreement created the LOC line between the two countries, which none of the two parties requires a single -sided change, which “respects both sides without bias on the recognized position on both sides.”

In 1974, the Kashmir state government confirmed it was a “founding unit of the Union of India”, an agreement that Pakistan rejected.

In the same year, India detonated a nuclear device in a process bearing the name “Smilt Buddha”. India considered that the device is a “peaceful nuclear explosive”.

The eighties: the rebellion in Kashmir

By the early eighties of the last century, Kashmir returned in the midst of Indian Pakistani tensions. The separatist movement was established, as popular feelings began to go against the elected government from the elected Kashmir, which many local population felt betrayed their interests in exchange for close relations with New Delhi.

The turning point was the 1987 elections for the state legislature, which witnessed the National Congress, a party committed to the Indian constitution, to win amid widespread allegations of severe fraud to preserve the anti -India -anti -India politicians.

By 1989, a complete armed resistance against India in Kashmir, the Indian director, was not formed, seeking to separate from India.

New Delhi accused Islamabad of financing, training and clarifying these armed groups, which India describes as “terrorists”. Pakistan has insisted that it only provides “moral and diplomatic” support for the separatist movement, although many of these groups have bases and headquarters in Pakistan.

The 1990s: More agreements, nuclear tests and the Cargill conflict

In 1991, both countries signed agreements to make a prior notice of military exercises, maneuvers and forces movements, as well as to prevent violations of airspace and set light rules.

In 1992, they signed a joint declaration prohibiting the use of chemical weapons.

In 1996, after a series of clashes, military officers from countries met in LOC to reduce tensions.

In 1998, India detonated five nuclear devices. Pakistan responded with the bombing of its six nuclear devices. Both were slaughtered by sanctions by many countries-but they became nuclear armed countries.

In the same year, both countries have tested long -range missiles.

In 1999, Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Fagbayi met with Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif in Lahore. The two signed an agreement entitled “Lahore Declaration”, which reaffirmed their commitment to the Simla agreement, and to agree to implement a number of “confidence -building measures” (CBMS).

However, later in the same year, the Pakistani army through LOC, seized the Indian military positions in the Kargil Mountains, sparked the Kargil War. The Indian forces pushed the Pakistani soldiers to the back after bloody battles in the snowy heights in the Ladakh area.

2000s: Tensions and Mumbai attacks

Tensions across LOC remained high for 2000s.

In December 2001, an armed attack on the Indian parliament in New Delhi was killed 14 people. India blamed the Pakistan -backed armed groups in the attacks, which led to a face facing face between the Indian armies and Pakistan along LOC. This confrontation ended only in October 2002, after international mediation.

In 2002, Pakistani President Paris Musharraf pledged, amid Western pressure after the September 11 attacks, that Pakistan would fight extremism from its soil, but confirmed that the country has a right in Kashmir.

In 2003, during the United Nations General Assembly meeting, Musharraf called for a ceasefire along LOC, and India and Pakistan reached an agreement to cool tensions and stop fighting. In 2004, Musharraf held conversations with PM Indian PM Vajpaye.

But in 2007, Samjhauta Express was bombed, the train service linking India and Pakistan, near Banibat, north of New Delhi. Sixty -eight people were killed, and dozens were injured. The Hindu government accused the Hindu extremists at the time, but they were released after that.

In 2008, trade relations began to improve throughout LOC, and India joined a framework agreement between Turkmenistan, Afghanistan and Pakistan in a $ 7.6 billion gas pipeline project.

However, in November 2008, armed militants opened fire on civilians at several locations in Mumbai, India. More than 160 people were killed in attacks.

Ajmal KasabThe only attacker who was alive, and said that the attackers are members of Lashkar-E-Taiba. Kasab was executed by India in 2012. India blamed Pakistani intelligence agencies in the attacks.

In 2009, the Pakistani government admitted that Mumbai’s attacks may have been partially planned on Pakistani lands, but denied that the princes had been punished or with the help of Pakistani intelligence agencies.

2010S: “The Fadagi Venery” and Pulwama

In 2014, the commander of the Pakistani army at the time described Sherif Kashmir as a “jugged vein” in Pakistan, and that the conflict should be resolved according to the desires and aspirations of the Kashmiris and is in line with the United Nations resolutions.

In 2016, armed fighters killed 17 Indian soldiers in URI, Kashmir by the Indians. In response, India carried out what it described as “surgical strikes” against the rules of armed groups via LOC.

In 2019, a suicide bomber killed 40 Indian paramilitary soldiers in Poloama in Kashmir, the Indian director. Army-e Muhammad He claimed the attack.

In the aftermath, the Indian Air Force fired an air strike at Balkot in the Khyber-Bakhtongu Province, claiming that it had targeted the terrorist hideouts and killed several dozens of fighters. Pakistan insisted that Indian planes only hit a forest area and did not kill any fighters.

Later in 2019, India was canceled Article 370, Which was given Kashmir in particular, Almost independent A campaign that witnessed thousands of Kashmiri civilians and politicians who were arrested, and many of them under the anti -terrorism laws, have begun, which are described as Drakonian.

2020s: paralgam and drones

On April 22 this year, an armed attack on tourists was killed in Paalgam, in the Indian director, Kashmir, 26 men.

It is called an armed group Resistance Front (TRF)And that requires independence to Kashmir, claimed responsibility for the attack. India claimed that TRF was a branch to allow a resident in Pakistan. Islamabad denied allegations of involvement in the attack and called for a neutral investigation.

On May 7, India launched the Sindoor operation, as it carried out missile strikes on multiple targets in Pakistan and Kashmir, which is run by Pakistan. The Pakistani authorities claimed that at least 31 people were killed in six targeted cities.