A schedule for India and Pakistan tensions on Kashmir

India and Pakistan separately from a possible military confrontation, nearly two weeks after a fatal terrorist attack on the Indian side of the troubled Kashmir region, led to the abolition of aggressive statements between the countries of Archrival.

India has suggested that Pakistan was linked to the April 22 attack, which killed 26 people, the claim that Pakistan has repeatedly denied.

Kashmir, a picturesque valley in the Himalayas, installed between India and Pakistan, nuclear armed countries that have struggled to control the region for nearly 80 years. Kashmirion rarely had an opinion on their fate.

Here is the history of the conflict.

1947

The beginnings are risky

The dispute over Kashmir began as soon as India and Pakistan were formed.

In 1947, Britain divided India, its former colony, into two countries. One was Pakistan, with a Muslim majority. And the other, mostly consists of Hindus, keep the name of India. But the fate of Kashmir left without control.

Within months, India and Pakistan made the demand for the region. This followed a military confrontation. The Hindu ruler of Kashmir, who initially refused to give up his sovereignty, agreed to make the area part of India for a security guarantee, after militias from Pakistan moved to parts of his lands.

This was followed by the first war in which India and Pakistan would fight against Kashmir.

Years later, in 1961, The former ruler of Kashmir died In Bombay. In the obituary, the New York Times summarized its decision to give up the region to India with words that may be correct for decades to come. The article said that his actions contributed to “a continuous bitter conflict between India and Pakistan.”

1949

cease-fire

In January 1949, the first war between India and Pakistan concluded on Kashmir after the United Nations intervened to mediate the ceasefire.

Under the conditions of the ceasefire, a line divided the region was drawn. India will occupy about two -thirds of the region, and Pakistan the other third.

The separation line was supposed to be temporary, pending a more permanent political settlement.

1965

War collapses again

The tensions were already high between India and Pakistan in the summer of 1965. There was a The skirmishes between their forces along the border Earlier in the year, in the southern Kashmir region.

When Pakistan had a secret attack through the ceasefire in Kashmir in August, the fighting rapidly escalated into a full war. Clash It was short -term Only three weeks – but bloody.

In January 1966, India and Pakistan An agreement signed To settle future disputes through peaceful means.

But peace will not last.

1972

Official

After a regional war in 1971 The creation of BangladeshPakistan and India decided to reconsider the issue that was not resolved from Kashmir.

In December 1972, the countries announced that they had resulted in a ripples on the ceasefire line in Kashmir. But little changed alongside the appointment. The temporary ceasefire line of 1949 has become an official “control line”. Each country kept the Kashmir section, which he had already held for more than 20 years.

While the agreement did not do much to change the current situation in Kashmir, it came with an ambition to improve the volatile relationship between India and Pakistan.

Reporting the deal from New Delhi, The Times correspondent wrote Among the two countries: “The official sources here indicated that they are satisfied with the settlement, which they said were reached” in an atmosphere of goodwill and mutual understanding. “

During a period of specific political turmoil – which was exacerbated in 1987 due to the conflicts over the local elections that many have thought – some Kashmiris I turned into militancyWhich was Pakistan Stoke and ultimately supported.

During the next decade or so, the state police in Kashmir Tens of thousands of bombingsFire exchange, kidnapping and missile attacks.

This violence began to extend around the year 2000, but the years of intense rebellion led to the erosion of the fragile relationship between Pakistan and India.

1999

Peace talks come short

As the new millennium approaches, India and Pakistan seemed to be preparing to create more permanent peace.

In a gesture of goodwill, the Pakistani Prime Minister hosted his Indian counterpart to A weekend of crowded diplomacy In February 1999, no Indian Prime Minister visited Pakistan for a decade.

The summit – among the leaders of the opponents, who all had nuclear weapons now – produced signed documents confirming their mutual commitment to normalizing relations.

“We must bring peace to our people.” “We must bring prosperity to our people. We owe this to ourselves and for future generations.”

Three months later, their countries were in war. Again, Kashmir was the point of disagreement.

The fighting erupted after the infiltrators from Pakistan seized positions inside the Indian part of Kashmir. India claimed that the infiltrators were Pakistani soldiers, which Western analysts would also believe. Pakistan denied that its forces were involved, and insisted that independent freedom fighters were behind the operation.

The war ended when Mr. Sharif called for the withdrawal from the infiltrators (he affirmed all the time that they were not Pakistani forces and that Pakistan had not controlled them). A few months later, Mr. Sharif was taken off in a military coup led by General Pakistani, which was later identified, The military incursion has directed That started the war.

After the war in 1999, Kashmir remained one of the most military areas in the world. The semi -fixed turmoil in the region brought India and Pakistan to the edge of the war several times in the years.

It was the last major scene in 2019, when a bombing in Kashmir At least 40 Indian soldiers were killed. Indian warplanes conducted air strikes in Pakistan in response to revenge, but the conflict did not take off before it became a comprehensive war.

A more permanent step later that year, when the Indian government is Kashmir was stripped of the status of Aziz.

Despite all the history of the modern Kashmir – since the Hindu ruler faded to India – the region has enjoyed a degree of autonomy. Its relative independence was devoted to the constitution of India. But in August 2019, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, the distinguished situation of Kashmir.

The campaign came with a quick series of dramatic measures: thousands of Indian forces rose to the region. Internet connections were cut. The phone lines have been cut. The government of Mr. Modi began directing the region directly from New Delhi, and thousands of Kashmiris were imprisoned, including political leaders who have been standing on the side of India for a long time in the face of separatist militancy.

The intense approach to the government was amazed by observers worldwide. But the results, with regard to India, justify the means. It seems that a new era of peace follows. Terrorism rejected. Tourism flourished.

It was an illusion.

2025

Terrorist attack

On April 22, gunmen shot 26 people, most of whom were tourists from different parts of India, near Paalgam, Kashmir. Seventeen others were injured.

It was one of the worst attacks on Indian civilians for decades.

Almost nearly, Indian officials suggested that Pakistan had participated. Mr. Modi, the Prime Minister, pledged a severe punishment for the perpetrators and those who give them a safe haven, although he did not express Pakistan explicitly.

Pakistan has quickly denied its involvement and said it was “ready to cooperate” with any international investigation into the terrorist attack. But India was not troubled. Since then, it seems that its leaders Building a issue for the military confrontation.